Wednesday, February 12, 2020
New Media Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
New Media - Term Paper Example To those who are not able to compete with the latest and best gadgets, what is generally considered is the ability to have access to new media. This has become a necessity to the modern person who seems to be unable to live in a world which has become so small with the use of the internet. On top of such media, other media within the medium like social networking sites become equally important especially to people who like to get in touch with their loved ones here or abroad. The latest social networking site that made the youngest billionaire in the person of Mark Zuckerberg, a former Harvard student is making the life of a lot of people easier and cheaper. Loved ones who are miles apart can contact each other through the internet and can exchange messages in a matter of seconds. This is not to mention the availability of the medium of communication to be the cheapest as compared to telephone bills. The world has become smaller with people able to find their partners from one end of the earth to another through the use of the popular networking site.
Saturday, February 1, 2020
Construction management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Construction management - Assignment Example One of the considerations that was taken with respect to this particular project concerns the dangers and potential hazards of deconstructing the old pipeline. Although full safety inspections will of course be conducted prior to any activity of actual deconstruction being engaged, it is not unlikely that a potential hazard might be engaged and additional time and/or personnel required in order to de-construct the existing pipeline in and ineffective, efficient, and environmentally sustainable manner (Maddox-Abbott & Laskowski, M 2014). As a means of countering this particular risk, the project has been divided into two distinct phases. The first phase is with respect to those areas that are not densely populated. Similarly, the second phase is contingent upon those regions that are densely populated. As such, rather than dividing the project based upon the actual geographic area of pipeline replacement within these two geographic spheres, a risk management approach has indicated tha t a disproportionate amount of time must be provided for contingencies or eventualities within the densely populated region of Jersey Island. Even though it is true that the total geographic area of pipeline replacement that is encompassed within these areas is a minute fraction of the overall project scope, fully 30% of all available time for this phase of the project has been devoted towards these regions to counter any contingencies that might arise. Some of the contingencies that were considered with respect to these urban areas were concentric upon damaged infrastructure, potential leaks, and other issues arising from the physical deconstruction of the existing and old pipeline infrastructure (Golob et al, 2013). Another relevant risk that was considered and planned for accordingly has to do with issues pertaining to shipment. As was noted within the initial project proposal, there are no factories on Jersey Island that are capable of producing the type of infrastructure that
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Stradivarius: Unsurpassed Artisan or Just Lucky? :: Biology Essays Research Papers
Stradivarius: Unsurpassed Artisan or Just Lucky? There are about seven hundred Stradivarius violins still intact from the 17th century, and they are among the most sought-after instruments in the world (3). Most, if not all, of the greatest violinists of modern times believe that there is something in the Cremonese violins that provides superior tonal quality to all other violins. Skilled violinists can even distinguish between different qualities in the sound produced by individual Stradivarius violins. The challenge for scientists is to characterize such differences by physical measurements. In practice, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between a Stradivarius instrument and a modern copy on the basis of measured responses because the ear is a supreme detection device and the brain is a far more sophisticated analyzer of complex sounds than any system yet developed to assess musical quality. There have been many theories as to why Stradivarius violins produce such legendary brilliance and resonance, none providing a conclu sive answer. To understand the factors that affect the quality of sound produced by violins, the functioning of the violin must be understood. First of all, sound is produced by drawing a bow across one or more of the four stretched strings, but the strings themselves produce almost no sound. The energy from the vibrating string is transferred to the sound box, which is the main body of the violin. The bridge, which supports the strings, acts as a mechanical transformer; it converts the transverse forces of the strings into the vibrational modes of the sound box (4). The bridge itself also has resonant modes, playing a role in the overall tone. The front plate of the violin is expertly carved with f-holes which boost the sound output at low frequencies, through the Helmholtz air resonance. The Helmholtz air resonance describes the action of the air bouncing backwards and forwards through the f-holes (1). Then, front and back plates are skillfully carved to get the right degree of arching and vari ation in thickness. Even the tiniest changes in the thickness of the plates and the smallest variations in the properties of the wood will significantly affect the specific resonance in the frequency range (1). There are many theories as to the "secret" of Stradivarius violins. Of course what was obviously first explored was the exact size of the violins and ratio of the parts of the violin to each other. It was proposed
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Political Economy Essay
Approaches to study of Politics Falls under Political Science Weââ¬â¢re made to do the impossible Summary 1 paragraph will do. Provide the insight -Data -Theory used -approach used ââ¬â use other references to prove your point 3 x 5 Surname all caps first name email address mobile number On approach deals with different meaning of politics Political Science What is Politics & its scope ? Banned words Politics is dirt Politics is nothing more than a means of rising in the world Samuel Johnson Systematic organization of hatred Henry Adams Art of governing mankind by deceiving them. Isaac Dââ¬â¢Israeli BASIS of POLITICS Intellect and Will Man Capable of Thinking Politics as a rational activity Man has the capacity to think and realize his wants, needs and interest which are potentially in conflict with othersââ¬â¢ wants, needs, and interests. Man cannot survive on its own. He needs someone else Politics as a social activity 2 or more persons Politics as a social activity 2 or more persons Associate with society Politics is concerned with social dynamics. POLITICS AS THE ART OF GOVt What concerns the state Study of government and exercise of authority Authoritative allocation of social values Framework Definition does not provide David Easton Authoritative binding to all Allocation done by the government Social Values anything held important by society budget allocation, privatization, elections Henry Mayo 3 characteristics that separate the political from non-poitical Politics is focused on the governing function through which are: Limitation on Easton on Mayoââ¬â¢s concept of Politics POLITICS DOES NOT ONLY HAPPEN IN THE GOVERNMENT POLTICS AS PUBLIC AFFAIRS State DIFFERENCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS PUBLIC PRIVATE State Civil Society Institutions of the State ( apparatus of government, infrastructure, economy, taxes Autonomous bodies (family, kinship groups, private businesses, trade unions Funded at the publicââ¬â¢s Expense Set up and funded by individual citizens Responsible for the collective organization of community life Responsible for the satisfaction of own interests rather than the interest of the larger society. Private with this definition EX: RH Bill It should not be affair of the government. Public Sphere vs Private Sphere Restricted to the acitivites of the state itself and the responsibilities that are properly exercised by public bodies Politics should not meddle on personal affairs and institutions. POLITICS AS COMPROMISE & CONSESUS A daily activity in which differing interests within a given unity of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion to their role in the welfare and the survival of the community Bernard Crick Everything will just be fine ââ¬â for no matter big or small the dispute is, at the end of the day we will just arrive in a compromise. Assumption: Conflict is inevitable Resolving conflict through compromise conciliation and negotiation, rather than violence and coercion. Not limited to government POLITICS IS INEVITABLE LINKED TO THE PHENOMENA OF CONFLICT & COOPERATION Politics as master science. Why Make use other things to make things in order. Existence of rival opinions- conflict People recognize that they have to work with others cooperation Hannah Arendt- Acting in Concert Otto Von Bismarck- Politics is the art of the possible. POWER AS POWER & DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES What is power? X has power over Y insofar as Robert Dahl X is able, in one way or another, to get Y to do something That is more to Xââ¬â¢s liking And which Y would not otherwise have done. Faces of Power As decision-making ââ¬â you shape there decisions As agenda setting ââ¬â You are preventing the person to make a decision As thought control- You are imposing your preference in an indirect or subtle way. Definition of Politics through POWER and allocation of resources FIND THE FOLLOWING QUOTES OF FAMOUS SCIENTISTS Adrian Leftwich- Politics is at the heart of all collective social activity, formal and informal, public and private, in all human groups, institutions and societies. Harold Lasswell Politics is, in essence power: the ability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means. Kate Millett ââ¬Å"Politics is a power-structured relationships, arrangements whereby one group of persons is controlled by another. ââ¬Å"POLITICSâ⬠- as the constrained use of social power. Robert Goodin & Hans- Dieter Klingemann Constrained because there are already laws establish. Politics takes place in all social activities; politics happen at every level of social interaction Politics concern production, distribution and use of resources in the course of social existence. -Ability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means . Approaches to the study of Politics Ontology- the nature of being Epistemology- How do you know what we know? Theoretical ââ¬â concept & idea Empirical- Evidence, observation History- both theory and experience Methodology- How do we exactly know what we know MAKE A MATRIX OF THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES USING THE FOLLOWING: Nature Ontology Epistemology Methodology Studying Politics requires that we use approaches Approaches presecrbies different ways of studying politics Approaches tell the researcher: Ontology Epistemology Methodology Approaches are lenses in which you see the world In politics Normative Institutional Behavioural Discourse Analysis State-Centered Pluralism Elitism Marxism Brief History of its Development -Philosophical Tradition -Empirical Tradition -Scientific Tradition -Recent Developments Rational Choice Public Choice Discource.
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Computer Hardware And Its Impact On The Java Language And...
At first, Java was made for television but that technology didnââ¬â¢t keep up with the innovation. The java language was initially called Oak. Sun Microsystems is the first company to use Java by 1995 . Javaââ¬â¢s goals are ââ¬Å"familiar, simple, and object orientedâ⬠, ââ¬Å"secure and robustâ⬠, ââ¬Å"portable and architecture neutralâ⬠, ââ¬Å"dynamic, threaded, and interpretedâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"high performanceâ⬠. A computer consists both software and hardware. Hardware includes the physical, visible elements of the computer. Software provides the hiding instructions that control the hardware and make it process specific tasks. Having knowledge of computer hardware is not essential to learning a programming, although it can help you understand the effects which programming instructions have on the computer and its components. Bytecode is used for many modern programming languages. The most important advantage of bytecode is the portability. Instead of machine code, the bytecode is run by the Java Virtual Machine. Java Runtime Environment and Java Development Kit are important. You can think of car, a chair, or speaking of computers, a screen when you hear the word ââ¬Å"objectâ⬠in your everyday life. Objects in programming languages usually perform one complex function and have a state and a behavior. The main method is defined as public static void return type. There are two data types in the Java language: primitive and reference. The primitive types are able to contain one simple value whereas reference data typesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Java1091 Words à |à 5 PagesJava is one of many high-level programming languages that use abstraction (reducing and factoring details) to create software for computers and many other electronic devices. Compared to low-level programming languages, high-level programming languages use a mixture of natural language (any language used by humans) and typical computer terms to create an easier to understand and simpler form of programming. Figures 1 and 2 show the difference in writing a simple program called ââ¬Å"Hello Worldâ⬠inRead MoreHow Smartphone Has Activated Surprizing Competition Among Technology Like Symbian, Google And Iphone Operating System From Apple3697 Words à |à 15 Pagesoperating System from Google and iPhone operating System from Apple. The Comparison is done on the premise of their platform, their performances and the development in mobile area. I ââ¬â INTRODUCTION Mobile Phones have turned into a part of human s daily life. There are more than six Billions portable users in the world. Each Mobile Phones has hardware and specific programming called an operating system. There are numerous other operating system accessible and had have attempted there best but finallyRead MoreThe Birth of Android7542 Words à |à 31 Pagesoperating system and developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java-like language that utilizes Google-developed Java libraries, but does not support programs developed in native code. The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware, software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, mostRead MoreRailway Route Optimizer10483 Words à |à 42 PagesSystem Design 1. Project Modules 2. Data Dictionary 3. Data Flow Diagrams 4. E-R Diagrams 5. Hardware And Software Requirements 5. System Testing 6. Software Tools Used 7 Technical Notes 1. Introduction To Real-time programming 2. Introduction to OOPS and Windows 3. Introduction to Java 8. Conclusion 9. Bibliography 1. Abstract Railway Route Optimization System is a product toRead MoreSmartphones and Business6441 Words à |à 26 Pagesbecoming pocket sized computers capable of email, messaging, editing documents and more. (Vaughan-Nichols, 2003, p10) 1.1 WHAT IS A SMARTPHONE? A Smartphone is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic ââ¬Ëfeature phoneââ¬â¢. Smartphones and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computers integrated within a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are able to run applications based on platforms such as Java, a smart phone alsoRead MoreQuestions On Online Hotel Management Essay7516 Words à |à 31 PagesHotel Expense Projection 8 1.5.5 Hotel Feasibility Study ROI 9 1.6 Resources 9 1.7Introduction of website 9 1.7.1 Types 9 1.7.2 Advantage 10 1.7.3 Disadvantage 11 1.8.1 Hypertext Pre-processor 11 1.8.2 Hypertext Mark-up Language 12 1.8.3 Cascading style sheets (CSS) 13 1.8.4 Java query 14 1.8.5 Database 15 1.8.6 My SQL 15 1.8.7 Asynchronous JavaScript and XML 16 1.9 Web server 17 1.9.1 Introduction to web server 17 1.10 NetBeans 18 1.11 Chapter Summary 19 References 20 CHAPTER 2 22 BACKGROUND ANDRead MoreMobile Operating Systems3733 Words à |à 15 Pagesmobile OSââ¬â¢s that are popular in the US. Advantages and disadvantages are analyzed within each mobile OS and will give an insight as to which mobile OS caters to a userââ¬â¢s or business need. This is done by evaluating the smartphone market (market share, hardware sales, etc.) and comparing each mobile OS to determine which one provides the best features and customization thatââ¬â¢ll cater to each userââ¬â¢s needs. Overview of Mobile Operating Systems Today The purpose of this research paper is to provide a basicRead MoreSms System Related Literature4688 Words à |à 19 Pagesreview of related literature and studies, conceptual model of the study and the operational definition of terms. Related Literature Many staff and students rely on mobile computing devices for work and personal uses. Laptop computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), USB memory (aka thumb drives), smart phones (mobile phones with advanced communication, storage and processing capabilities). They bring a lot of convenience and ease of use. SMS text messaging is the most widelyRead MoreBit Notes13983 Words à |à 56 PagesThe IPOS Cycle: IOPS cycle is an organized procedure through which all processing within a computer takes place. And it takes place through four operations. 1. Input 2. Processing 3. Output 4. Storage 1. Input Operation: In the input operation, data is entered or otherwise captured electronically and is converted to a form (machine language) that can be processed by the computer. 2. Processing Operation: In the processing operation, the data is manipulated to processRead MoreComparison of the 4 Main Smartphone Operating Systems16546 Words à |à 67 Pagesthe massive development that has taking place from the time past till date, the smartphone is no more just a device that can be taken casually. It has a zillion more uses now apart from basic ones, and that has contributed to the success of making it not just a mobile phone but also a smartphone. Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction Background In the past it was never clear that the cell phone would have such an important status in todayââ¬â¢s society. But the development of the cell
Monday, December 30, 2019
Music As A Motivational Tool For Emotionally Disturbed...
The purpose of this paper is to find if music had any effect on a student who is emotionally disturbed at P.S./I.S. 113? During the study, the writer used music as a therapy during tests and written assignments that the student previously refused to complete in a three-week span. A survey was distributed to discover if the student liked music. Through the use of music as therapy, the student was able to improve his grades dramatically and focus on his work. Previous research indicated that music therapy helps students who are emotionally disturbed and this study proves it. Introduction The purpose of this research report is to find out: how can music be used as a motivational tool for emotionally disturbed students. In a fifth grade Integrated Co-Teaching classroom (ICT), there are students who have special needs and students who are generalized as ââ¬Å"normalâ⬠. In the classroom, there are six students who are on the special education spectrum. One of the students stands out because he is classified as ââ¬Å"emotionally disturbedâ⬠. Emotional disturbance is defined under the Individuals with Disability Education Act 2004 (IDEA) as a condition that exhibits one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time that affects the childââ¬â¢s educational performance: â⬠¢ An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. â⬠¢ An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. â⬠¢Show MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 Pages xvi CONTENTS P R E FA C E Whatââ¬â¢s New in This Edition? Based on suggestions from reviewers, instructors, and students we have made a number of changes in the eighth edition of Developing Management Skills. â⬠¢ Added new skill assessments in Chapter 1 and a new case in Chapter 3. â⬠¢ Revised parts of the book to reflect suggestions and feedback from instructors and students. â⬠¢ Clarified instructions for scoring skill assessments and updated the comparison data for each assessment. â⬠¢ UpdatedRead MoreSociology and Group41984 Words à |à 168 Pagesdifferent aspects of community safety are participating in a a. symposium. b. forum. c. panel discussion. d. governance group. e. self-help group. Answer: a. symposium. . A college appoints a moderator and holds an open discussion to provide students with the opportunity to ask questions and express their concerns regarding a proposed increase in tuition. This setting for group communication is an example of a a. symposium. b. forum. c. panel discussion. d. governance group. e. serviceRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words à |à 922 Pagessterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster UniversityRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words à |à 1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment thatââ¬â¢s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreManagement Course: MbaâËâ10 General Management215330 Words à |à 862 Pagesexperiment with ways of improving how tasks are performed. To discover the most efï ¬ cient method of performing speciï ¬ c tasks, Taylor studied in great detail and measured the ways different workers went about performing their tasks. One of the main tools he used was a time-and-motion study, which involves the careful timing and recording of the actions taken to perform a particular task. Once Taylor understood the existing method of performing a task, he then experimented to increase specializationRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words à |à 1186 Pagesscope 5.3 Creating a WBS 5.4 Tools and techniques 6.1 Define activities 9.1.2. Responsibility matrixes 10.1 Communication planning (.2.3.4) [App. G-4] Chapter 12 Outsourcing 12.1.1 Procurement requirements [G.8] 12.1.2.3 Contract types 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 12.2.7 The art of negotiating 12.2.3.5 Change requests Chapter 13 Monitoring Progress Chapter 5 Estimating Times and Costs 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources
Sunday, December 22, 2019
George Washington s The War For American Independence
Out of all people in American history, George Washington will always remain to be one of the brightest ones. This is not only because George Washington was the first president of the United States of America, but also because of his character. George Washington was more than just a politician, he was a national leader and an example for many of his followers. Many look to George Washington for the great things he accomplished in his lifetime. Winning the War for American Independence, being the first president, and being an influence in how the Constitution was written are all attributed to him. George Washington has always been a man whose focus on the little details in his life predicted how he would react and confront larger situations. George Washington memorized the Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation when he was a young boy. As a young boy, George Washington always strove to learn more. That is why people knew him for being equitable and evenhanded . This reputation was one reason that George Washington was chosen as the president of both the Constitutional Convention and the United States. He let these principles and habits flood and surround every part of his actions, to the point where they caused him to consider the plight of his slaves. While this was not an issue with many of the other founding fathers, George Washington became distressed about the way that slaves were being treated. He really had a heart for the old and sick, andShow MoreRelatedDivine Intervention : The American Revolution1265 Words à |à 6 Pagesinterventions effect in the American Revolution Imagine if the American Patriots had not been followers of faith, their hard fought fight for independence would have been lost. The effect of God on the revolution was essential to the victory of the Americans. Divine intervention led the Continental Army through the hardships of Valley Forge in the terrible winter of 1777. Later in the revolution God would produce two major thunderstorms to weaken the British forces and give the Americans a victory at the BattleRead MoreThe Success Of The American Revolution1328 Words à |à 6 Pagesthirteen American colonies wanted to be free from rule by Great Britain. Freedom would make it possible to create a new kind of government without a king. In the democracy envisioned by the country s earliest leaders, Americans would govern themselves based on certain principles or ideals. Few people at the time thought that the American Revolution would succeed and the Americans could win a war against the world s greatest empire. At the beginning of the war, there was no regular American army,Read MoreCharles Lee1549 Words à |à 7 PagesCharles Lee: General in the American Revolutionary War By David E. LaClair Jr Charles Lee, a general in the American Revolutionary war, is a historic figure in American history. Serving under George Washington, Charles Lee participated in a number of battles. However, history says Charles Lee was treacherous to the cause, all the while that he was in command during that time; he was acting in bad faith toward the Americans. His influence in the army was, at all times, mischievous (General CharlesRead MoreGeorge Washington On Legacies Left1646 Words à |à 7 Pageslegacies left by a certain person, George Washington would top the list. George Washington was the first President of the United States of America and he did a stellar job. George Washington was one of the reasons we have the freedoms embodied by Americans still to this day. He did not have a particularly easy childhood but he powered through it. There are so many people who spend their lives complaining but do not do anything to change the situation while George Washington took that pain and let it pushRead MoreHistory - 10th Grade Short Essays.1379 Words à |à 6 Pages What qualities in George Washington made him a good choice for commanding the revolutionary army? What were his most valuable contributions to independence? Washington would lead the Patriots to a surprising victory over Great Britain. There are many qualities that made George Washington into the great leader that he was. These qualities can be seen by the many decisions he made throughout his role as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and as President. Washington was a heroic man. AsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer1686 Words à |à 7 Pagesfreedom and exemption. Washington and McCandless are similar because they did something most people would not. They both stepped out of the ordinary society and decided to do what they think is best. For example, Washington led the Continental Army against the great British Empire, and Chris left his normal and traditional life, to seek a life of adventure and determined to go on a journey across the United States. Washington became the first president of the United States. Washington was also the onlyRead MoreThe American Revolution And The War Of Independence999 Words à |à 4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the U.S. War of Independence, goes back to 1765-1783. One of the major effects of the American Revolution was that the colonies became recognized as independent. It was now separated from Great Britain. France joined in and became our allies and helped the colonies in 1778. Since France joined the war, they turned a civil war into an international war. There were a lot of causes that led up to the beginning and the end of the war. There was a lot of causes thatRead MoreGeorge Washington : The French And Indian War1249 Words à |à 5 PagesGeorge Washington George Washington was born February 22,1732 in Westmoreland County Virginia. He was the first president of the United States and one of the most respected men of all time. After serving as a commander in the French and Indian war, George Washington was better equipped to serve as a commander in chief during the Revolution because of his respected nature and his newly found military tactics. ââ¬Å"The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war betweenRead MoreGeorge Washington And The Civil War1049 Words à |à 5 PagesGeorge Washington was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia on February 22, 1732. His family then moved to a plantation near Fredericksburg and spent most of his youth at the plantation. His father, Augustine Washington, married Jane Butler, but then Jane died in 1729. Then Augustine Washington married in Mary Ball in 1731. They had 7 children, including George Washington. He lived in 1732 to a wealthy plantation owner. Very little is known about George Washingtonââ¬â¢s childhood. From age 7 to 15 GeorgeRead MoreSlavery During The Revolutionary War1388 Words à |à 6 Pages Slavery during the revolutionary War Slavery was a legal system in which people of the dark color did not have the same rights as white people did, and they were treated as they were a property. It started in 1619 in Virginia where the slaves were brought in North America to do labor jobs. They would immediately become slaves as soon as they get captured, or if they were born into a slave family. Slaves were treated very badly from their owners, and they were forced
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